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A passive two-terminal electrical device known as an inductor, also known as a coil, choke, or reactor, stores energy in a magnetic field as an electric current pass through it. Typically, an inductor is made from insulated wire twisted into a coil. According to Faraday's law of induction, the time-varying magnetic field generates an electromotive force (voltage) in the conductor as the current through the coil varies. Lenz's law states that the induced voltage has an opposing polarity (direction) to the change in current that caused it. Inductors reject any changes in the current flowing through them.
The usage of inductors in analog circuits and signal processing is widespread. Applications range from the use of large inductors in power supplies, which, along with filter capacitors, remove ripple from the direct current output that is a multiple of the mains frequency to the small inductance of the ferrite bead or torus installed around a cable to prevent radio frequency interference from being transmitted down the wire.
In many switched-mode power supplies that generate DC current, inductors are utilized as the energy storage component. When the switch is "off," the inductor gives the circuit energy to keep the current flowing. This allows for topographies where the output voltage is greater than the input voltage.
An inductor without a magnetic core composed of ferromagnetic material is referred to as an "air core coil." In addition to coils with just air inside the windings, the name also applies to coils wound on plastic, ceramic, or other nonmagnetic materials. Air core coils are employed at higher frequencies despite having a smaller inductance than ferromagnetic core coils because they do not experience the energy losses known as core losses that occur in ferromagnetic cores and get worse as frequency goes up.
Inductors exhibit greater resistance and other losses at high frequencies, in particular radio frequencies (RF). In addition to resulting in power loss, this can lower the circuit's Q factor, widening the bandwidth, in resonant circuits.
Due to the skin effect, a wire's resistance to high-frequency current is greater than its resistance to direct current. Radiofrequency alternating current flows near a conductor's surface rather than deep into its body because of generated eddy currents.
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